Write a 1.5 page memorandum Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Write a 1.5 page memorandum - Essay Example Each author employs, in his own right, extremely ridiculous scenarios and/or ironic character development which ultimately serves to belittle and criticize the society in and about which they were written, in this case early 18th century Britain. In A Modest Proposal, Swift, in order to criticize and make public the English crown’s shameful policy and practices towards Ireland, employs irony. So as to address the rampant and widespread poverty of Ireland, he sagaciously proposes that England ought to begin eating the children of mendicant women so as to alleviate the need to feed them. That is, Swift declares that cannibalism is the answer to solving poverty. â€Å"....[A] young healthy child well nursed is at a year old a most delicious, nourishing, and wholesome food, whether stewed, roasted, baked, or boiled; and I make no doubt that it will equally serve in a fricassee or a ragout† (Swift 1949, p. 883). Swift is counting on the reader to be so disgusted by the idea that he/she will find solace in the criticism he makes of the English landed gentry, which is in fact the true intent of the work. He writes, â€Å"I grant this food will be somewhat dear, and therefore very proper for landlords, who, as they ha ve already devoured most of the parents, seem to have the best title to the children† (Swift 1949, p. 883). The proposal is ridiculous only to make a point: the aristocrats, having exploited the poor, would not mind also enjoying the â€Å"benefit† of their offspring. In similar fashion, John Gay’s The Beggar’s Opera employs satire for the purpose of social criticism. Opera, for the most part, has traditionally been the preserve of the well-to-do. Gay, knowing that his audience would include many members of the upper classes, creates characters and settings which highlight the abject poverty in which much of England’s poor lived. It opens with the narrator, intentionally chosen to be a beggar, stating â€Å"If

LOVE Probation or Parole Policy Evaluation Research Paper

LOVE Probation or Parole Policy Evaluation - Research Paper Example The paper outlines the reason why a person should fund this review and its importance for policy makers. There is also a budget for the review and conclutory statements. In criminal justice, parole is the supervision that occurs when the government authorizes release of criminals to the community after serving a certain period of prison term (Eseinberg, 1999). Their release has certain conditions. In immigration law, parole refers to granting of visa to a person who does not meet the requirements to enter United States of America. The government gives the visa basing on humanitarian grounds (Purves, 1992). The policy for review is the humanitarian parole policy. This policy allows entry into the United States of America to a person who is ineligible to get US visa. The purpose behind humanitarian parole policy is to provide humanitarian services to an individual on a temporary basis and once the US government confirms the safety of the individual, they can leave the country at the expiry of their visas. The review of humanitarian parole policy is important because it is an extraordinary measure that brings an inadmissible alien into the United States of America for a period of time due to a compelling emergency condition (Wasem, 2010). For instance, On January 18th 2010, the Secretary of homeland security, Janet Napolitano, allowed orphaned children from Haiti passage into United States of America on a temporary and individual basis in order for these vulnerable children to receive the attention and care they could not get in Haiti. This was part of the humanitarian programme and policies of the American government in aiding Haiti. The issues that emerge from this policy include laws governing the humanitarian parole policy, conditions of an alien for obtaining parole under this policy and personal information of the parolee. Additional issues that emerge from this policy are information of the person

Harvie Krumpet only ever belonged with other outcasts Essay Example for Free

Harvie Krumpet only ever belonged with other outcasts Essay Argue for or against this statement with reference to how Harvie Krumpet’s life is represented in the film. (you must make specific references to the techniques used by the film maker). Note: you are only allowed to use the word ‘belonging’ once. The need to be socially accepted and connected with others is an intrinsic yearning in humans. This desire to be included within a community or partnership is known as belonging; a fundamental need which molds a person’s identity. Harvie Krumpet’ is a short, animated film written, directed and animated by Adam Elliot and produced by Melanie Coombs. The film demonstrates through its main character, Harvie Krumpet, that companionship and connection can influence one’s outlook as well as ideologies. By utilising numerous techniques (such as editing, metaphors, pathetic fallacy, symbolism, speech and music), the animation illustrates that Harvie Krumpet only ever fit in with other outcasts. The use of metaphoric images and editing proves that Harvie Krumpet was only accepted by misfits while he was young. Due to Harvie’s Tourette syndrome, he was ostracised at school by the other students. He was only able to make friends with Bogush; another outcast. The two rejects are shown together outside with their backs to a wall of the school building. The barrier separating the two friends from the other students is a metaphor for the social divide excluding the misfits, and highlights the strong bond Harvie shares with Bogush. Another technique that proves the main character was rejected from society is editing. While Harvie is at home with his insane mother, the camera cuts away multiple times, each time showing the house further away. These cuts give viewers an idea of how the public view the family, and give the impression that society pushes them away. This use of editing, as well as a metaphor, demonstrates that Harvie is only respected by those who are similarly misfortunate. Even while Harvie Krumpet is middle-aged he remains alienated from society and is only able to fit in with outcasts like himself, as is demonstrated by pathetic fallacy and symbolism. Many things change in Harvie’s life; he is forced to move to Australia and finds a job at the Spotswood Dump. During the scene where Harvie attempts to make a friend at the dump, the sky is overcast and gloomy, which reflects the main character’s dismay when he is rejected. This technique is known as pathetic fallacy and efficiently illustrates Harvie’s isolation from ordinary people. Symbolism supports this idea, as Harvie is commonly seen alone, surrounded by the colour grey. For example, even while the main character is working in a large factory, he is still shown alone in a dark, grey room. This melancholy shade reflects the loneliness he feels. Together with pathetic fallacy, these techniques reveal to the audience that Harvie Krumpet is a victim of stigma and is only able to belong with other misfits. To demonstrate that Harvie Krumpet only feels connected and valued by other outcasts when he is elderly, music and speech are utilised. When Harvie grows old and moves into a retirement home, he meets other people suffering from Alzheimer’s disease. He moves into a community that share similarities with Harvie and forms a group of friends who had been rejected by society just like himself. To illustrate that the main character fits in with this community, a bright and cheery tune is played as Harvie puts on a show for the group. The uplifting music is an example of non-diagetic sound and reflects how content the outcasts feel together. Another technique which highlights Harvie’s strong connection to misfits is speech. Throughout the film, the only words Harvie speaks are â€Å"Thank you†. The central character says these to a lady who felt she did not belong even among a crowd of social rejects. These words are immensely significant and reveal just how powerful Harvie’s bond was with this outcast. It is clear that the elderly Harie Krumpet only fits in with other rejects through the use of music and speech. In conclusion, Harvie Krumpet only ever fits in with other outcasts throughout his life. This is supported and reinforced by the techniques of editing, metaphors, pathetic fallacy, symbolism, speech and music.

Surveillance Cameras And The Right To Privacy

Surveillance Cameras And The Right To Privacy With the rapid advancements in technology, video surveillance platforms have become a widely used method to enhance security in both the public and private settings. These systems act as a force multiplier and provide constant surveillance in areas that are difficult or impractical to do so by other means. Surveillance of public areas has become an area of concern for privacy advocates. While these systems have so far successfully navigated legal challenges, abuse or misuse of the systems can jeopardize the ability to continue their use. In the years following 9/11, a considerable investment has been made by federal, state, and local governments to increase security and protect the homeland. Areas that once were not given a second thought by law enforcement agencies are now considered high value targets. A key to maximizing law enforcements effectiveness to cope with the growing demand for service has been to increase their use of technology. Video surveillance systems are one way they have made investments that act as force multipliers and allow one operator to monitor multiple locations simultaneously, regardless of how remote or difficult to access the locations are. This increased need for surveillance has coincided with advancements in technology that have made the necessary equipment to operate a video surveillance system more available, functional, and at a lower cost. Government entities are not the only organizations tapping into this emerging technology, many private businesses are also installing surveilla nce cameras to protect their assets. It is difficult to argue with the benefits of employing these systems when you consider for a moment that it was a bank ATM camera that filmed Timothy McVeigh parking a Ryder truck outside Oklahoma Citys federal office building just before the April 1994 blast that killed 167 people. Had it not been for this critical evidence, the outcome of the investigation may have been very different. While there are certainly benefits to this enhanced level of safekeeping, some watchdog groups have cautioned that this security comes at a cost, but does the end result in fact justify the means. At one time in the not so distant past it was uncommon to see video surveillance being used at all with the exception of large shopping malls, banks, and other private businesses where large amounts of money or high valued property was found. It simply was not cost effective for smaller businesses to make the investment. However, with increased availability and decreased cost it is not uncommon to see these systems in place almost anywhere, to include small businesses, private homes, and even religious centers. The sophistication of modern surveillance platforms provides a higher quality, easier to use system. Video surveillance has always been a useful tool to document an event for use at a later time as evidence against the perpetrator of some act, but modern systems are intuitive and will not only record an event they can be programmed to activate certain real time triggers to sound alarms, alert the owner, and/or the police. Probably more than any other benefits, employing video surveillance security systems have filled an immense security void created by lacking human assets (Crean, 2002). Law enforcement agencies have never been able to be in all places at once so they employed staffing and patrol protocols that covered as much terrain as possible. The September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks, along with several other high profile incidents occurring here and abroad, have highlighted the fact that current public safety initiatives were unsatisfactory. Law enforcement agencies had to find ways to do more with their current levels of staffing. One solution was to employ an elaborate array of video surveillance systems as force multipliers. Examples of U.S. cities where this strategy has been employed are Chicago, New York, and Washington D.C. Chicagos public safety managers have access to a collection of approximately 15,000 publicly and privately owned cameras. It is estimated that from their operations center officials can monitor 232 square miles of Chicagos urban landscape. In New Yorks Times Square, an area no larger than about half a square mile, as many as 200 surveillance cameras are active at all times. Washington D.C. Metro Police may have them all beat. During a tour of their command center with CBS News reporter Erin Moriarty, D.C. Police Chief Charles Ramsey was asked about what officers were monitoring on several of the screens in the center. Ramsey explained they were observing a group of protestors at one of the local public buildings. When asked how many cameras they currently had observing the activities of the group, Chief Ramsey commented that they had twelve of their own, but had access to a practically unlimited number as a result of being able to tap into images being fed by an array of privately an d publically owned surveillance systems in the immediate vicinity (2010). These devices are accessible on demand via wireless routers and Internet connections. This on demand capability is not restricted to their command center. Field units, if equipped properly, also have the ability to remote access video surveillance images via a wireless connection. Technology has provided the ability to create this link to nearly any device capable of a Wi-Fi connection. Whether it be the laptop computer in an officers patrol car or the handheld PDA a precinct commander carries. The San Diego Police Department has taken this technology one step further and automated it (2010). Instead of merely providing on demand access to the assortment of public and private video surveillance systems in the city, they automatically make that real time information available to officers who are operating their laptop equipped police cruiser in the vicinity of the system. This video information is also available on demand at the police dispatch center. The benefits to this set up with respects to enhancing officer safety are incredible. Imagine the lone police officer responding to a commercial building alarm in the middle of the night. As soon as the dispatch center receives the call they would be alerted that a video surveillance system is available. Before the responding officer puts their vehicle in drive to go to the call, the dispatch center is already studying the location for signs of trouble. When the officer is within a few blocks of the business he receives a noti fication on his computer that the building has video uplink capabilities. Prior to arriving he pulls to the curb and in just a few seconds is able to view the real time surveillance video to familiarize himself with the buildings layout, potential hazards, signs of an actual crime in progress, or perhaps live video of the suspects fleeing the scene in their vehicle and heading directly at him (Crean, 2002). There is also a deterrent factor at play when overt video surveillance is in place. Cameras that are highly visible to the perpetrator can instill an enhanced fear of committing the crime because of the perceived likelihood of getting caught. If they do opt to commit the act, then having a properly monitored video system vastly increases the probability of being caught. Experts in this field of study have noted that even though the economy underwent a major recession in past years, the crime rates have not increased dramatically. In fact, some categories have made substantial decreases. This is notable as history tells us that when the economy is bad people become desperate and crime typically increases. More than one advocate of increased use of video surveillance has pointed out that as these systems became more prevalent the crime rates decreased (Osborn, 2006). Whether there is an actual link between the two remains to be seen, but the speculative evidence is very interesting. Just as there are those who preach the benefits of employing video surveillance systems, there are certainly those who argue just as vehemently against its use. Probably the single greatest concern voiced is the invasion of privacy that goes along with this type of surveillance. Generally speaking, if the video monitoring is taking place anywhere that is open to the public then it does not constitute an invasion of privacy. As with most general rules, it is not always that simple. Watchdog organizations have argued that the use of covert cameras is an invasion of privacy since the cameras cannot be detected (The Constitution Project, 2007). In other words, if the public is not made aware they are being filmed than their privacy rights have been violated. Because of the proliferation of these systems, adequate notifications would be a nearly impossible goal to attain. Cities like Washington D.C. would probably need to put signs at the city limits on all major thoroughfares that securi ty cameras are in use in the city and you are subject to being captured by one of these systems at all times. Certainly not very practical. This begs the question, are these privacy concerns without basis? Consider for a moment the hypothetical situation presented by Angelo Pompano of the Yale-New Haven Teachers Institute: On a typical day you wake up and walk out to your mailbox. A neighbors private security camera is trained on his driveway across the street and picks you up. Later, you drive to work and when you get to the light on the corner, a video camera is watching to see if you went through a red signal. You stop off at an ATM and you are taped. You go into the 7-Eleven-taped; pump gas- taped; get on the interstate and the traffic control cameras are focused on you. You get to work and the camera in the parking lot follows you into the building. Then you finally get you your desk and once more you are monitored (2010). As Mr. Pompano points out, on the average day by 8:15 AM you have already been captured on video surveillance a dozen times. This is only the video we know about. This report will not touch on the clandestine surveillance being undertaken by the government at all times. Im not saying I agree with Pompanos opinion that this is a bad thing, but it is a reality. A second concern that is frequently raised is the potential that video surveillance recording will be misused by the organization that captures them. Critics point out that it is difficult to control how the data from video surveillance because cameras are so easily attainable and the technology is so advanced that nearly anyone could manipulate it for unethical purposes. As with any technological advancement, there will be those that find ways to abuse it. Take for example a number of incidents highlighted by the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) in their article Whats Wrong With Public Video Surveillance? (2002). The general manager of a prominent Florida newspaper installed a hidden video camera in the employees bathroom under the guise of eliminating employee theft. The problem lies in the fact that when confronted with the cameras placement the manager could not document any thefts that had occurred. Or the management at Bostons Sheraton Hotel covertly recording its employee s changing clothes in a locker room on the pretext that it was investigating suspected drug use by its workers. Or the JC Penney security guard in Concord, California, that was caught showing off recordings during which he zoomed in on female customers breasts as they walked around the store. Needless to say, there is certainly room for abuse. However, the claim by those opposed to video surveillance that there is no way to control this type of abuse is unfounded. Each of the situations described here exposed the responsible person and/or their employing organization to both criminal and civil penalties. Laws to curb this type of infraction are already on the books and are capable of dealing with these infractions when discovered. Opponents might say that this type of illegal activity is difficult to detect so we should ban this type of surveillance. I would submit that this logic is akin to banning automobile use because driving under the influence is a difficult crime to detect an d prevent. The argument simply does not make practical sense. When holes are found in the current laws that new technologies take advantage of, our legislatures have been quick to respond with new laws and practices. Legislation has been presented at both state and federal levels that would restrict the use of public video surveillance, but many of these proposed changes have been stricken down. The courts and legislatures have made it clear that this type of surveillance in areas commonly open to the public and conducted for public safety purposes are neither illegal nor unconstitutional (USLegal, Inc., 2010). Where these systems do find trouble with the Constitution is when they find themselves pointed into a private dwelling or other place protected by the search and seizure doctrines of the Fourth Amendment. The United States Supreme Court has decided a number of privacy rights cases, but most critical to the concept of video surveillance is seen in Katz v. United States (1967). The court ruled there is no expectation of privacy in a public place. They confirmed the limits of Fourth Amendment protections against an illegal search did not apply in areas that a person lacked this expectation of privacy. In Katz the court ruled, What a person knowingly exposes to the public, is not a subject of Fourth Amendment protection, but what he seeks to preserve as private, even in an area accessible to the public, may be constitutionally protected. As such, a person in a public place does not have a reasonable expectation of privacy from video surveillance cameras. As for the general publics perception of the legitimacy of utilizing video surveillance technology to monitor their daily lives, most have recognized it as a necessary reduction in their privacy to combat todays threat of violent crime and terrorism. Most accept the loss of some personal freedom for a feeling of security. Video surveillance by law enforcement agencies in public places is accepted by most as a minimally invasive measure implemented for the well being of the public. As highlighted in the Pompano article, Although (citizens) may not be happy with the use of the video surveillance equipment to catch them as they go through a red light, few people will argue with the reasoning that video cameras promote safety (2010). Most law enforcement agencies will tell you there is no replacement for having cops on the beat when it comes to fighting crime, but the police cannot be everywhere at all times. With the technology advancements made in video surveillance systems and capabil ities now they dont have to be.

Stereotypes in the Film The Matrix Essay -- Movies Film Feminist Pape

Stereotypes in the Film The Matrix The purpose of this paper is to expose some of the stereotypes present in the film The Matrix, directed by Andy and Larry Wachowski. In order to accomplish this we shall see that although The Matrix is considered to be a film about rebellion, it contains several stereotypical portrayals, which actually make it a film that supports the status quo. We shall also see that the African American characters in The Matrix (the Oracle, Tank, Dozer, and Morpheus) are all depicted in the stereotypical servant roles. Furthermore, the women (Trinity and Switch) in this film are portrayed stereotypically; that is, they are either reduced to a caring/nurturing role or they simply help make up the background (they do not have a voice). Finally, Morpheus’ initial power and leadership is stripped away leaving him to play the stereotypical supporting and buddy role. The Matrix is considered by many people to be a cyberpunk triumph. Declan McCullagh from wired.com writes: "When Neo/Reeves wakes up from his VR slumber and unplugs from The Matrix, he joins a ragtag band of rebels led by the charismatic Morpheus (Lawrence Fishburne). Their plan: To overthrow the artificial intelligences that have robbed humanity of reality" (McCullagh). Entertainment weekly also sees The Matrix as a movie about rebellion against oppression: "Neo is, of course, The One, the prophesied leader of the oppressed who will lead the people of Zion (an underground city populated by the last free humans) from bondage--but only if he can believe in himself and trust in the power of love" (Bernadin). Therefore, although the film appears to send a revolutionary message of a rage against ‘the machine’ or the matrix and its oppression, ... ...premacy should be the starting point of a renewed movement for racial justice" (hooks 118). Works Cited Bernardin, Marc. "The Matrix" 1999. <http://www.ew.com/ew/review/video/0,1683,846,matrix.html> (14 Apr. 2000) [address has moved to: <http://www.ew.com/ew/article/review/video/0,6115,270871~2|7696||0~,00.html> link updated by Dr P. 30 Oct 2002] hooks, bell. Killing Rage Ending Racism. New York: Henry Holt, 1995. McIntosh, Peggy. "White Privilege: Unpacking the Invisible Knapsack," in Race, Class, and Gender in the United States, ed. Paula S. Rothenberg. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1998. McCullagh, Declan. "The Matrix: A Cyberpunk Triumph." Wired News. April 02, 1999. <http://www.wired.com/news/news/culture/story/18932.html> Wolf, Naomi. The Beauty Myth. How Images of Beauty are Used Against Women. New York: William Morrow, 1991.

Population in the world Today :: essays papers

Population in the world Today Probably the most pressing concern of the modern world — both environmentally and socially — is the escalating global population. The geometrical growth in numbers over the last century, when estimated, presents an ominous picture of massive, unsustainable growth and accompanying famines and health crises. Yet, to simply follow the current trend is naive, and informed estimates of population trends are increasingly predicting a less disastrous future. The latest study shows an 85% chance that global population will peak before 2100, and predicts with 60% certainty that this peak will be less than 10 billion, compared with a population of 6 billion today. They even give an outside chance, 15%, that there will be fewer people living at the end of the century than are alive now. Their results are notable not just for the relatively low figures projected, but also for the rigorous analysis that accompanies them. Whereas the United Nation estimates present just four possible outcomes (constant, high, medium and low). The US Census Bureau includes specific chances of a particular scenario occurring on a specific date. This graphically illustrates the confidence (or otherwise) of predictions further into the future. To arrive at their conclusions, the team combined two forecasting techniques — 'time series estimation, a statistical analysis based on known figures, and 'expert judgment', whereby key parameters are estimated taking into account foreseeable events such as disease, war and fertility trends. Apart from the lower total population figure estimated (8.8 billion by 2050, compared to 9.3 for the UN's medium estimate, 2000 revision). Population decline in developed nations is expected to accelerate, with the European part of the former USSR expected to lose 20% of it population by 2050. Such declines lead inevitably to ageing populations, and half of all people living in Japan at the end of the century are predicted to be over 60 years old. With these facts, there is no doubt in our minds that we are in for some trouble. Over the next 50 years, the United States alone faces some population problems. What we need to do is keep the growth rate at stage 4, meaning we need to have birth and death rates low.

Multicultural Population Study Essay

The objective of this research is to analyze the community based in the U. S. , most of them are Asians in this research we are talking about the Filipinos who are working in U. S. most of them are working there in cheap wages. The population of Filipinos are increasing in US are increasing rapidly. Number of Filipinos are working abroad especially professional ones would rather work abroad than in their own homeland because of monetary necessities. The next step would be conducting a pilot study to test the execution of distributing the survey questionnaires on a large scale. All information gathered from this pilot study will be analyzed if necessary through Fine-tuning. There will be a method recruitment which based on some criteria like Filipino workers will be the resident of U. S. for at least two years with valid work permit and also have an experience of at least one year in U. S. Filipinos as overseas workers in America has a dominant part in the workforce. Remittances of Filipino overseas workers have played a stabilizing role notably during Asian crisis when remittances flows offset the sharp reduction in capital inflows. Most of the Filipinos are migrating towards U. S. for their better living and to help there relatives in their homeland by giving them foreign exchange. The Filipinos country is also stabilizing due to the foreign exchange which is coming from abroad by their Nationals. A large number of researchers make common errors during their interpretive process in research study; these errors result into misinterpretation of the data and inaccurate results that need to be avoided. There are some errors which are selective observations, imprecise observation and Illogical reasoning and Ego participation in understanding. Select a Population During regular trips on grocery markets and shops, I have noticed that a friend of mine have employed several foreigners with different backgrounds, mostly Asians My inquiring mind asked my friend about it since, I have notice that there are a lot of them on different shops I went to. My friend told me that they were Filipinos working there and she also explained to me that there’s a small community of them in our Town. I was curious with that fact and I decided to research about them and create a multicultural study from it. The purpose of this multicultural study is to analyze overseas Filipino workers here in the US. According to the American Community Survey, in 2005, about 3,252,678 Filipinos and Filipino-Americans live in the United States. However, this number is speculated to be at more than 5. 5 million, according to many Filipino-American organizations, with 1 million that are undocumented (All experts, 2010). We will use a descriptive approach; a typical case study in which the mission of this service oriented case study is specific to Filipinos overseas workers (Hadley & Mitchell, 1995). And this will be done to study intensively on why does a lot of Filipinos, especially professional ones would rather work abroad than in their own homeland, sacrificing leaving their families and friends on the Philippines. Although we might already have some assumptions on the reasons they may have, but what is it clearly? Case studies typically document â€Å"what happened† differently than do comparative studies (Confrey & Stohl 2004). This study will also go beyond their race but also analyze their culture and religious preferences, as this social domain was one of the first areas explored mediators of the religion-health association (Baetz & Toews, 2009) purpose of which is further provide inputs on this study’s overall goal of answering why the increasing number of Filipinos coming in. The sample size will also be significant and case studies will be repeated a number of times to assess if there are similar findings from different individuals, in which the results can be, generalized (Hadley & Mitchell, 1995). A survey will also be included to provide some data on age, gender and type of employment, again to assist probable supporting details on the subject. And finally, to have a decent projection if this trend will continue, a further Trend study will be applied to examine changes over time (Hadley & Mitchell, 1995). The results will probably indicate organizational support for multicultural/social justice issues and gains in the participants’ multicultural competence ( Zalaquett, Foley, Tillotson, Dinsmore & Hof, 2008). Potential Ethical Issues It is of prime importance to consider potential ethical issue on conducting this research, especially dealing with an unfamiliar race to be the population of this present study. Tapping into the values that our designated population advocate and the understandings of why do Filipinos immigrate is a challenging endeavour. The complexity of is magnified, in particular this case in which I do not share the cultural background of the people whose values I will be studying. Problems with irresponsible professional conduct and unethical behaviour in the sciences are not limited to biomedical research (Artino Jr & Brown 2009). Meaning that even experienced researchers need to understand the professional rules regarding the conduct of ethical research. The increasing attention to ethical issues by counsellors and other professionals appears to be part of ongoing trends in the larger society toward increasing recognition of individual rights, increasing demands for accountability, and changing views of counselling and research (Hadley & Mitchell, 1995). My research question is why does a lot of Filipinos, especially professional ones would rather work abroad than in their own homeland. The potential ethical issue here probably would be the possible temptation to overemphasize general hypothesis of conclusions to the said research question, like confirming an answer that Filipinos work abroad because of monetary necessities. In choosing participants an assessment will be made by me by beginning a general inquiry to the possible motivations for a person’s decision to volunteer to join the research. According to Appelbaum, Lidz & Klitzman (2009), populations in developing countries are often thought to be subject to a variety of coercive influences, ranging from pressures exerted by authority figures to difficulty understanding that research participation is voluntary. The risk besides what is already stated possibly could be the inconvenience of a participant in answering surveys which could take an ample amount of time; this could be mitigated by the benefit of this research to provide a clear conclusion as to why the increasing trend of my target population is coming in this country. That is why I need an appropriate method to employ when designing this research to avoid negative consequences of an unethical study. Vignette methodology has been found to be particularly useful to study appropriately why Filipinos leave their country to work abroad. I will also follow strictly the guideline ethical principles of Psychologists and code of conduct of 2002. Regulations for human relations such as stated on unfair discrimination explains that In their work-related activities, psychologists do not engage in unfair discrimination based on age, gender, gender identity, race, ethnicity, culture, national origin, religion, sexual orientation, disability, socioeconomic status, or any basis proscribed by law. (APA, 2009, Standard 3. 03). 1. ) If you where to create a brief numbered list of research questions what would they be? Create a list of research questions; be specific with a minimum of 5 questions. †¢ What is your job here in this country? †¢ What is your educational background? †¢ How long have you been staying here? †¢ Why have you chosen to work here? †¢ How old are you? 2. ) How are these research questions correlated to developing the methodology (The structure and analysis of your data) of your integrative projects? These questions are very important to provide ample results to comprehend our analysis. The first question will help on what are the majority of jobs here which Filipinos came here for. Educational background, explains the skill level they have to perform their work and also as a basis of compare and contrast if for example one participant has a Masters degree but is working on a blue collar job. The question about the duration of staying here can help this research study understand if they are working only temporarily here or already making a career out of it. The fourth question is basically the fundamental question in which defines our study, why do Filipinos work here and can definitely strengthen conclusive data that we may get from that question alone. The last question supports the demographic analysis to verify the age range of Filipinos working here. Plan of Action According to Hadley & Mitchell (1995), planning is the second major phase of a research project and involves a representation on all the subsequent phases: data collection, data analysis, interpretation and reporting. Following the guidelines on the planning process and steps, I will create a literature review to make it easier for me to conduct my research and improve this project’s quality. My preliminary plan is to conduct survey to my chosen population which are the Filipinos. The next step would be conducting a pilot study to test the execution of distributing the survey questionnaires on a large scale. Purpose of this pilot study also includes gathering information of the Filipino participants and to practice planned procedures before using them in the main study (Hadley & Mitchell 1995, p. 167). All information gathered from this pilot study will be analyzed and revised if necessary through Fine-tuning, as to prepare myself to make different changes before proceeding to my main body of research. Administrative arrangements will also be done to make sure I have all the necessary requirements to do the main research The mixed-method approach will be used in conducting this study, for first qualitative method of inquiry which aims to gather an in-depth understanding of human behaviour and investigate the reasons why does Filipinos keep on working abroad instead staying and living in their motherland (Denzin & Lincoln 2005). This method could produce general conclusions that could also be considered informative guesses, Followed by a quantitative method which can be used to verify which of such hypothesis are facts (Whitley 2007). Meta-analysis will also be applied to avoid discounting probable non-significant data response on the said survey (Howard, Hill, Maxwell, Baptista, Farias, & Coehlno, 2009). Recruitment The proposed study entitled â€Å"Multicultural Study on Filipino Overseas Contract Workers in the US† involves the task of selecting participants, securing consent in their participation, providing a background and purpose of the study, gathering responses, and interpreting data gathered. The method of selecting the participants are based on the following criteria specifically Filipino workers residing in the US for at least 2 years with valid working VISA, has employment status for at least one year, and is willing to participate in the study. The sample size needs to be sufficient that the different categories of industry such as in healthcare, tourism, labour, and information technology among others are represented. Filipinos as overseas workers in America has a dominant part in the workforce. An evidence of this statement is based on a study that presented large remittances flows and international migration have been prominent features of the Philippine economy for many decades (Burgess, R. & Haksar, V. 2005). In fact, remittances serve as a pillar of the Philippine economy mainly as a relatively stable source of foreign exchange. One of the population of Filipino overseas workers, Filipino nurses would choose to work in the US for higher wages, better living and working conditions, and opportunities to advance their education and expertise (Aiken, L et al. , 2005). Another study showed that the current US nurse shortage would place more pressure for additional means to increase foreign nurse recruitment (Brush, B. , Sochalski, J. & Berger, A. 2006). The sample population of this study is qualified Filipino overseas workers based on the given criteria who will then be given questionnaires to determine their reasons, experiences and motivations on migrating to USA. Peer Reviewed References Remittances of Filipino overseas workers have played a stabilizing role notably during Asian crisis when remittances flows offset the sharp reduction in capital inflows. A study made by Burgess and Haksar showed that Filipino overseas workers contribute to the remittances sent to the Philippines. The sampling choice should then be based on Filipino workers who have a valid working VISA and sends his or her share of remittances to the home country. In this way, the researcher will determine and know how many Filipino overseas workers earn and send remittances home. Various reasons and motivations push Filipino overseas workers, especially nurses to work in a foreign land. Filipino nurses would choose to work in the US for higher wages, better living and working conditions, and opportunities to advance their education and expertise (Aiken, L. et al. , 2005). The study attempts to determine the reasons why Filipino overseas workers would give up their work and living in his or her country to seize the chance to go to the US. It is interesting to note that there is a higher possibility of continued Filipino migration to United States as overseas workers in the years to come. The current US nurse shortage places more pressure for additional means to increase foreign nurse recruitment (Brush, B. , Sochalski, J. & Berger, A. 2006). The sample population should be well represented through a sample choice of respondents working in different sectors of the community, namely health care, programming, office jobs, among others. In this way, the large sample size leads to increased precision in estimates of various properties of the population. Compare Data Collection It is reported that large population of Filipino people live in America and even well trained professionals from Philippines tend to leave their homeland besides missing their family and friends (American Psychological Association, 2002). The clear reasons behind this personal preference need to be explored in detail with well-tailored research program. The research exercise proposed require detailed categorization of data types based on which the methodology could be decided. The research would require both the qualitative as well as quantitative type information (Appelbaum et al, 2009). The qualitative factors would help the research to understand the non-quantifiable factors or the responses that are more descriptive in nature like better acceptability of Filipinos in U. S. While any specific measure like the percentage of Filipino population in U. S. across different time is an example of quantitative information (Le, 2010). Thus the main research questions that need to be answered through research are explained below What is the major reason that attracts Filipino to United States. This question would give specific information regarding the major reason that attracts the Filipino to U. S. This information could be collected from the records at external affairs departments regarding the various employment opportunities being availed by Filipinos (Le. , 2010). Is there gender skewness in the movement of Filipino population to US ? This question tries to explore whether any specific gender specific attractions are being offered in U. S. (American Psychological Association, 2002). This could be collected in the questionnaire survey. In addition, a set of qualitative information on their objective in traveling to US are also collected. Is the employment attraction or the pride of being in United States of America a key factor that drives the people to undertake this journey is the vital element in the research (American Psychological Association, 2002). Also, the level of protection of legal cover of a Filipino in United States and the level of service oriented ness in an average Filipino across the Asian population are also explore here giving due importance to the ethical component in the research initiative (Atrino and Brown, 2009). Compare Data Analysis There are two research studies that are similar in the area of interest specifically having the sample population who are Filipinos working in the States. The difference of the sample population between the studies is that the current study investigates the reasons why Filipino overseas contract workers choose to migrate and work in a foreign land rather than in their native land, Philippines, while the other study focuses on the levels of stress among Filipino registered nurses in the States. The multicultural study on Filipino overseas contract workers in the US would require the use of both quantitative and qualitative types of data (Appelbaum et al, 2009). On the other hand, the other research focusing on the levels of stress among Filipino registered nurses in the US made use of the Expanded Nursing Stress Scale (ENSS). The similarity of the two studies is that both used a mixed method gathering data based on the responses of their respective sample population. The multicultural study on Filipino overseas contract workers in the US and its data will be better understood when the responses are expressed in a descriptive form and in quantitative information. Thus, the current study utilized a mixed method, which is quantitative and qualitative. The data are based on the following questions asked to the sample population: the better acceptability of Filipinos in US, what is the major reason that attracts some Filipinos to US, is there gender skewness in the movement of some Filipinos to the US (American Psychological Association, 2002), and the level of protection of legalities of these Filipino as overseas contract workers in the US. The quantitative information, according to the study, are those percentage of Filipino population in US across different periods of time, A data analysis method used on the study that â€Å"explores the stress levels of Filipino registered nurses in US† emphasizes on the use of a scale called Expanded Nursing Stress Scale (ENSS) by French et al. (2000) without any need for identifying information. Thus, the study concealed the identities of the participants. Upon comparison, it is noted that the current study does not use any measuring scale to gather important and pertinent data of the sample population. The topic of interest is limited to the reasons and motivations on why Filipino overseas workers chose to migrate in the US. Hence, there is no appropriate scale to facilitate in the process of data gathering. I am therefore confident in the method of data analysis for the current study. The challenge is to administer the structured questionnaire and interview as efficient as possible. Additionally, the most updated and recent statistics should be secured for the purpose of having reliable data. The ethics of confidentiality and privacy are two ethical issues that are crucial to social researchers who, by the very core of their research, typically requests participants to share them their perception, attitudes, thoughts, and experiences (Gregory 2003). The question of ethics also plays into the method of data analysis when it comes to protecting the identities of individuals and the companies they work for. The modification that should be applied to the current study is to omit any identifying information of the sample population upon data analysis and interpretation. Common Errors Introduction A large number of researchers make common errors during their interpretive process in research study; (Weed, 2005) these errors result into misinterpretation of the data and inaccurate results that need to be avoided Selective observation Selective scrutiny takes place when the researcher draws attention to the observations to prove his or her prior understanding and beliefs about the topic of study. In order to avoid this error, I will review and make some evaluations on literatures done by other researchers for relationship analysis about the subject of study. In addition, I will vigilantly take notes rather than depend on my memory. Location sampling will help me to concentrate on a smaller task for a specified period of time and gather the data that is accurate. A research conducted by (Weed, 2005) on Meta interpretation, confirms that several methods of research synthesis that emerge as a result of lack of understanding of interpretivists on customary literature reviews, have been put in place with no sense of the findings from the anthological studies. The study aimed at providing a valid method of Meta interpretation that centered on interpretive synthesis of data for improved research. Imprecise Observation Mistaken observation happens when the researcher fails to record down the data during the research study. I will Focus on the really task observations to boost my accuracy in gathering and interpreting the data. Illogical Reasoning Illogical reasoning takes place when the researcher makes assumptions that are inconsistent . To eliminate this error, I will base my study on the existing research theories and make broad utilization of peer evaluation of my writings to rectify on the aspects that will tend to be reasoned illogically. Suggestions made by (Resnik, 2009) on the meaning of research ethics and its importance, found several reasons for adhering to ethical standards in research and are listed below; i. Supporting the objectives of research ii. Promotion of important values for collaboration iii. Ability for researchers to account for the public demands iv. Moral and communal values. Ego Participation in Understanding Self involvement in understanding occurs when the researcher accepts human side force the outcomes and his or her views on the findings of research study done by others. I will remain neutral and honest while carrying out my research study. According to (Kaptchuk, 2008) on the analysis of the effects of bias interpretation of research data, states that facts cannot build up on the empty schedules of researchers’ minds and data cannot articulate for itself. He encourages the researchers to advance on their critical assessment skills since data is predictably subjective and it can result in bias. Kaptchuk also argues that unbiased data interpretation is very vital in the production of sound judgments. Conclusion Careful methods of data interpretation results into accurate findings and eliminates errors associated with misinterpretation that are carelessly made by researchers. Adhering to ethical standards in research helps to produce qualitative results from a research study. References Aiken, L. , Buchan, J. , Sochalski, J. , Nichols, B. and Powell, M. , (2005), Trends in International Nurse Immigration. Health Affairs, Vol. 23 No. 3, 69-77. All Experts (2010). Countries with large Filipino populations, (Data File), Retrieved from http://en. allexperts. com/e/o/ov/overseas_filipino. htm. American Psychological Association, (2002). Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code Of Conduct (PDF) Appelbaum, P. , Lidz, C. , & Klitzman, R. 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